Month: December 2025

Introduction Terrorism refers to the use of violence or threats by individuals or groups to achieve political, ideological, or religious objectives. Counterterrorism is the set of policies, strategies, and actions…

Introduction War and peace represent two central conditions in international relations. War involves organized violence between states or groups, while peace refers to the absence of armed conflict and the…

Introduction Defense and security refer to the systems, policies, and actions states use to protect territory, population, and national interests. These concepts shape military planning, intelligence operations, alliances, and policy…

Introduction International conflicts occur when disputes between states or groups cross national borders or affect more than one country. These conflicts shape global politics, security planning, economic systems, and humanitarian…